fixed machinery

machines f fixes

1) bot. pianta f.; (seedling) piantina f.

2) ind. (factory) stabilimento m., impianto m.; (power station) centrale f.

3) U ind. (buildings, machinery) impianto m., impianti m.pl.; (fixed machinery) installazioni f.pl.; (movable machinery) attrezzatura f.

4) (person) infiltrato m., talpa f., spia f.

1) (put to grow) piantare [seed, bulb, tree]

2) (illicitly) mettere, collocare, piazzare [bomb, spy]

3) (place)

- plant out

* * *

1) (anything growing from the ground, having a stem, a root and leaves: flowering/tropical plants.) pianta

2) (industrial machinery: engineering plant.) attrezzatura

3) (a factory.) fabbrica, stabilimento

1) (to put (something) into the ground so that it will grow: We have planted vegetables in the garden.) piantare

2) (to make (a garden etc); to cause (a garden etc) to have (plants etc) growing in it: The garden was planted with shrubs; We're going to plant an orchard.) piantare

3) (to place heavily or firmly: He planted himself between her and the door.) mettere

4) (to put in someone's possession, especially as false evidence: He claimed that the police had planted the weapon on his brother.) mettere

•

- plantation

* * *

1) bot. pianta f.; (seedling) piantina f.

2) ind. (factory) stabilimento m., impianto m.; (power station) centrale f.

3) U ind. (buildings, machinery) impianto m., impianti m.pl.; (fixed machinery) installazioni f.pl.; (movable machinery) attrezzatura f.

4) (person) infiltrato m., talpa f., spia f.

1) (put to grow) piantare [seed, bulb, tree]

2) (illicitly) mettere, collocare, piazzare [bomb, spy]

3) (place)

- plant out

plant [plα:nt]

1. noun

   a. (growing) plante f

   b. ( = equipment) matériel m ; (fixed) installation f ; ( = equipment and buildings) bâtiments mpl et matériel

• heavy plant engins mpl

   c. ( = factory) usine f

   d. ( = infiltrator) agent m infiltré

2. transitive verb

   a. [+ plants, bulbs] planter ; [+ field, garden] planter ( with en)

   b. ( = place) [+ flag] planter ; [+ bomb] poser ; [+ spy] introduire

• to plant a kiss on sb's cheek planter un baiser sur la joue de qn

• to plant o.s. in front of sb/sth se planter devant qn/qch

• to plant an idea in sb's mind mettre une idée dans la tête de qn

• to plant drugs/evidence on sb dissimuler de la drogue/des preuves sur qn (pour l'incriminer)

3. compounds

► plant food noun engrais m

► plant life noun flore f

► plant pot noun pot m de fleurs

► plant out separable transitive verb

[+ seedlings] repiquer

* * *

1) Botany plante f

2) Industry ( factory) usine f; ( power station) centrale f

3) [U] Industry ( buildings and machinery) installations fpl industrielles et commerciales; ( fixed machinery) installations fpl; ( movable machinery) matériel m

transitive verb

1) planter [seed, bulb, tree]

2) ( illicitly) placer [bomb, spy]

3) ( place)

- plant out

plant, US [transcription][pl_nt]

A n

1 Bot, Hort gen plante f ; ( seedling) plant m ; tobacco/flowering plant plante de tabac/à fleurs ;

2 Ind ( factory) usine f ; ( power station) centrale f ; chemical plant usine chimique ; nuclear plant centrale nucléaire ; steel plant aciérie f ;

3 ¢ Ind (buildings, machinery, fixtures) installations fpl industrielles et commerciales ; ( fixed machinery) installations fpl ; ( movable machinery) matériel m ;

4 ( person) taupe ○ f ; ( piece of evidence) faux indice m.

B modif Bot [disease, reproduction] des plantes ; [biologist, geneticist] spécialisé dans l'étude des plantes.

C vtr

1 ( put to grow) planter [seed, bulb, tree] ; semer [crop] ; to plant a field with wheat semer un champ de blé ; to plant one's garden with trees planter des arbres dans son jardin ;

2 ( illicitly put in place) placer [bomb, explosive, tape recorder, spy] ; to plant drugs/a weapon on sb placer de la drogue/une arme sur qn pour l'incriminer ; to plant a story faire paraître un article (pour influencer l'opinion) ; to plant a question poser une question (dont on a tacitement convenu auparavant) ;

3 to plant a kiss/foot etc on sth planter un baiser/pied etc sur qch ; to plant a knife/a spade in sth planter un couteau/une bêche dans qch ;

4 (start, engender) donner [idea] ; jeter [doubt] ; to plant doubt in sb's mind jeter le doute dans l'esprit de qn ; to plant an idea in sb's mind mettre une idée dans la tête de qn.

D v refl to plant oneself between/in front of se planter entre/devant.

■ plant out:

▶ plant [sth] out, plant out [sth] repiquer [seedlings].

(мн.ч. торгов.) актив

accrued ~ накопленные активы

aggregate ~ совокупная величина активов

assets авуары ~ актив (баланса) ~ актив баланса ~ активы ~ достояние ~ имущество ~ имущество несостоятельного должника ~ капитал ~ наследственная имущественная масса ~ средства ~ фонды

~ of an estate under administration раздел имущества под контролем администрации

~ of company капитал компании

~ of estate наследственная имущественная масса

available ~ легко реализуемые активы available ~ незаложенные активы available ~ свободные активы

bankrupt ~ имущество несостоятельного должника bankrupt ~ конкурсная масса bankrupt ~ недвижимость банкрота

business ~ торгово-промышленные средства

capital ~ основные средства, основные фонды, капитальные активы

cash ~ денежные активы cash ~ имущество в денежной форме

cash or liquid ~ денежные или ликвидные активы cash or liquid ~ денежные или текущие активы

circulating ~ легкореализуемые активы circulating ~ оборотные активы circulating ~ оборотный капитал circulating ~ текущие активы

company ~ активы компании company ~ имущество компании

concealed ~ скрытое имущество concealed ~ скрытые активы

contingent ~ активы, право владения которыми зависит от наступления определенного события contingent ~ активы, право владения которыми вытекает из совершенных операций

current ~ легкореализуемые активы current ~ ликвидные активы current ~ оборотный капитал current ~ текущие активы current ~ текущие ликвидные активы

current value of net ~ текущая стоимость нетто-активов

easily convertible ~ ликвидные активы

easily negotiable ~ легко реализуемые активы

economic life of ~ наиболее экономичный срок службы активов

electronic ~ вчт. активы записанные в памяти ЭВМ

exempt ~ изъятое имущество

fictitious ~ нематериальные активы

financial ~ финансовые активы financial ~ финансовые средства

financial fixed ~ основной финансовый капитал

fixed ~ недвижимое имущество fixed ~ недвижимость fixed ~ неликвидные активы fixed ~ основной капитал, основные средства fixed ~ основной капитал fixed ~ реальные активы fixed ~ реальный основной капитал fixed ~ труднореализуемые активы

floating ~ легкореализуемые активы floating ~ ликвидные активы floating ~ оборотный капитал, оборотные средства floating ~ оборотный капитал floating ~ текущие активы

foreign ~ заграничные активы

foreign exchange ~ активы в иностранной валюте

frozen ~ заблокированные активы frozen ~ замороженные активы

gross ~ общая стоимость имущества gross ~ основные фонды gross ~ сумма баланса

identifiable ~ идентифицируемые активы

inherited ~ унаследованные активы

initial ~ исходные активы

intangible ~ нематериальные активы

intangible fixed ~ неликвидные нематериальные активы

investment ~ инвестиционные активы investment ~ инвестиционный капитал

leased ~ арендованное имущество

leasing ~ арендуемое имущество

liquid ~ ликвидные активы, свободные средства liquid ~ ликвидные активы

liquidate ~ реализовать активы

long-term ~ долгосрочные активы

machinery ~ основные фонды machinery ~ производительный капитал

minor ~ второстепенные активы minor ~ неосновные активы

movable tangible ~ движимые материальные ценности

net ~ нетто-активы

net current ~ текущие нетто-активы

net foreign ~ остаточная стоимость заграничных активов net foreign ~ чистая стоимость заграничных активов

operating ~ текущие оборотные активы

original ~ начальные активы

other ~ прочие активы

passive ~ пассивные средства

private ~ личный капитал

productive ~ производительный капитал productive ~ производственные фонды

public ~ общественные активы

quick ~ быстро реализуемые активы quick ~ ликвидные активы quick ~ текущие активы

ready ~ ликвидные активы ready ~ свободные средства

real ~ недвижимое имущество

real property ~ недвижимое имущество real property ~ недвижимость

realizable ~ реализуемые активы

realize ~ реализовать активы

retirement pension ~ пенсионный фонд

separate ~ отдельные активы

slow ~ неликвидные активы slow ~ труднореализуемые активы

social ~ общественные активы

subordinated ~ субординированные активы

surplus ~ избыточные активы

tangible ~ материальные активы tangible ~ реальный основной капитал

tangible commercial ~ реальный основной капитал

tangible fixed ~ реальный основной капитал

technical ~ специальные активы

total ~ общая стоимость имущества total ~ сумма баланса

total fixed ~ общая стоимость недвижимого имущества

valuable ~ ценные активы

working ~ легко реализуемые активы working ~ ликвидные активы working ~ оборотный капитал working ~ текущие активы

1) Компьютерная техника: Forced Map Cycle, flight management computer

2) Авиация: бортовая ЭВМ системы управления полётом

3) Медицина: first medical contact (первичный контакт с медицинским работником)

4) Военный термин: Federal Manufacturers Code, Field Maintenance Complex, Field Maintenance Control, Food Machinery Corporation, Force Mobile Canadian, Force Mobile Command, Fully Mission Capable, field maintenance center, field medical card, fuel management computer, full mission capable

5) Техника: Fully Multi Coated, ferrite memory core, field memory controller, field moisture capacity, film magnetic counter, fixed mica capacitor, fixed mylar capacitor, flexible machining center, frequency-modulated cyclotron

6) Сельское хозяйство: field-moisture capacity

7) Шутливое выражение: Freaks Management Crew

8) Финансы: (Funds Management Company) КУФ (компания по управлению фондами)

9) Автомобильный термин: Ford Motor Company (Автокомпания "Форд")

10) Телекоммуникации: Fixed-mobile convergence

11) Сокращение: Federal Maritime Commission, Flexible Machining Cell, Food Machinery Corporation (USA), Ford Motor Company, Forward Motion Compensation, Fully Mission-Capable (USAF)

12) Транспорт: Fleet Management Center, Федеральная Морская Комиссия (Federal Maritime Commission)

13) Воздухоплавание: Flutter Mode Control

14) Фирменный знак: Food Machines Corporation

15) Деловая лексика: Food Machinery And Chemicals

16) Автоматика: flexible manufacturing cell, flexible manufacturing concept

17) Океанография: Financial Management Center

18) Химическое оружие: Fissile Material Containers

19) NYSE. FMC Corporation

[ɪnˈʃuərəns]

accept an insurance policy получать страховой полис accident insurance contribution взнос на страхование от несчастного случая accountants' indemnity insurance страхование для компенсации убытков бухгалтерии additional expense insurance страхование дополнительных расходов agricultural insurance сельскохозяйственное страхование air transport insurance страхование воздушных перевозок aircraft hull insurance страхование самолета aircraft hull insurance страхование фюзеляжа воздушного судна aircraft passenger insurance страхование авиапассажиров all risks insurance страхование на все случаи жизни all risks insurance страхование от всех рисков all-in insurance страхование на все случаи жизни all-risks insurance полное страхование all-risks insurance страхование от любого риска annual insurance годовая страховка annuity insurance страхование ренты art property and jewellery insurance страхование предметов искусства и драгоценностей automobile insurance страхование автомобиля automobile third party liability insurance страхование ответственности владельца автомобиля перед третьими лицами aviation insurance авиационное страхование bicycle theft insurance страхование от кражи велосипеда blanket insurance блок-страхование business closure insurance страхование компании на случай прекращения деятельности business interruption insurance страхование компании от убытков в случае остановки производства cancel an insurance аннулировать страхование cancellation insurance страхование от аннулирования capital deposit insurance страхование депозитов капитала captive insurance company дочерняя страховая компания car insurance страхование автомобиля cargo insurance страхование грузов cargo insurance страхование морских грузов cash messenger insurance страхование инкассатора casualty insurance страхование от несчастных случаев child's deferred insurance отсроченное страхование детей child's insurance детское страхование coin machine insurance страхование монетного автомата collective accident insurance коллективное страхование от несчастного случая collective insurance коллективное страхование collision insurance страхование на случай столкновения combined insurance комбинированная страховка combined shop insurance смешанное страхование магазинов commercial insurance торговое страхование commercial liability insurance страхование коммерческой ответственности compensation insurance страхование компенсации comprehensive building insurance страхование нескольких строений по одному договору comprehensive insurance комбинированное страхование comprehensive insurance полная страховка comprehensive insurance страхование нескольких видов имущества по одному договору compulsory industrial injuries insurance страх. обязательное страхование от производственных травм compulsory insurance страх. обязательное страхование compulsory insurance страх. принудительное страхование compulsory old-age insurance обязательное страхование по старости compulsory third party insurance обязательное страхование третьей стороны computer crime insurance страхование от использования вычислительной машины в преступных целях consequential loss insurance страхование от косвенного ущерба consumer insurance страховка потребителя container insurance контейнерная страховка contractor's all risks insurance комбинированное страхование подрядчика contractor's all risks insurance страхование подрядчика от всех рисков contributory insurance страхование с частичными взносами cost and insurance (C and I) стоимость и страхование credit insurance страхование кредитов credit insurance страхование от неуплаты долга credit insurance scheme порядок страхования кредитов credit insurance system система страхования кредитов cremation expenses insurance страхование расходов на кремацию crop hail insurance страхование сельскохозяйственных культур от повреждения градом crop insurance страхование урожая current insurance действующий договор страхования deferred insurance отсроченное страхование deposit insurance депозитная страховка deposit insurance страхование депозитов deposit insurance fund фонд страхования депозитов difference-in-conditions insurance страхование с разницей в условиях direct insurance прямое страхование disability insurance страхование по нетрудоспособности disability insurance страховка по нетрудоспособности double insurance двойное страхование earthquake insurance страхование от землетрясения employer's liability insurance страхование ответственности работодателя employment pension insurance пенсионное страхование трудящихся engineering insurance страхование производственного оборудования environmental liability insurance страхование по обязательствам, связанным с экологией erection insurance страхование строительства exchange risk insurance страхование от валютного риска exhibition risks insurance страхование от рисков, связанных с демонстрацией товаров export credit insurance страхование кредита на экспорт export credit insurance страхование экспортного кредита family income insurance страхование дохода семьи fidelity insurance страхование от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании fire insurance страхование от огня fire insurance страхование от пожара fire recourse insurance страхование от повторных пожаров first loss insurance страхование от первых убытков first loss insurance страхование по первому риску first party insurance страхование первой стороны fixed date insurance страхование жизни на определенный срок fixed-term insurance страхование жизни на определенный срок flight insurance страхование воздушной перевозки flood insurance страхование от наводнения foreign exchange insurance страхование в иностранной валюте forest fire insurance страхование от лесных пожаров freight insurance страхование груза freight insurance страхование перевозки грузов frost damage insurance страхование ущерба от заморозка frost insurance страхование от заморозков full value insurance страхование в полную стоимость full value insurance страхование на полную сумму fully comprehensive insurance полное страхование fully comprehensive insurance страхование всех видов по одному договору funeral expenses insurance страхование затрат на похороны general insurance общее страхование general liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности goods insurance страхование товаров graduated life insurance дифференцированное страхование жизни group health insurance коллективное медицинское страхование group insurance групповое страхование group insurance коллективное страхование group life insurance групповое страхование жизни guarantee insurance гарантийное страхование hailstorm insurance страх. страхование от убытков, причиненных градом health insurance страхование здоровья health insurance страх. страхование от болезней health insurance card карточка страхования здоровья; страховой полис health insurance fund страх. фонд страхования здоровья health insurance society страх. общество страхования здоровья home-foreign insurance страх. страхование по переписке household comprehensive insurance страх. страхование нескольких видов домашнего имущества по одному договору household furniture insurance страх. страхование предметов домашнего обихода houseowner's comprehensive insurance страх. комбинированное страхование домовладения hull insurance страхование корпуса судна, каско hull insurance мор.страх. страхование корпуса судна hunting liability insurance страх. страхование гражданской ответственности на охоте import credit insurance страхование кредита для импорта import protection insurance страхование охраны импорта товаров indemnity insurance страховая гарантия indexed new-value insurance страхование, учитывающее изменение стоимости застрахованного объекта indirect insurance непрямое страхование industrial accident insurance страхование от несчастных случаев на производстве industrial injuries insurance страхование от производственного травматизма industrial insurance промышленное страхование industrial life insurance индустриальное страхование жизни inland transport insurance страхование перевозок внутри страны insurance страхование insurance страховая премия insurance страховой полис insurance сумма страхования insurance against treatment insury страхование на случай неудачного лечения insurance company share акция страховой компании insurance contract act закон о договоре страхования insurance for less than a year страхование на срок менее года insurance in force действующий договор страхования insurance of buildings страхование зданий insurance of cargo страхование груза insurance of contents страхование домашнего имущества insurance of daily benefits страхование дневного содержания insurance of fixed sums страхование фиксированных сумм insurance of fluorescent tubes страхование флуоресцентных ламп insurance of goods страхование товара insurance of goods and chattels страхование личного движимого имущества insurance of growing crops страхование выращиваемого урожая insurance of industrial risks страхование от промышленных рисков insurance of low tension installation страхование установки низкого напряжения insurance of medical expenses страхование медицинских расходов insurance of movable property страхование движимой собственности insurance of persons индивидуальное страхование insurance of persons личное страхование insurance of securities in transit страхование ценных бумаг при перевозке insurance of shell of building страхование облицовки здания insurance of stocks страхование складов insurance of valuables страхование драгоценностей insurance of valuables страхование ювелирных изделий interpretation difference insurance страхование от различий в толковании invalidity insurance страхование на случай инвалидности jewellery insurance страхование драгоценностей jewellery insurance страхование ювелирных изделий key insurance страх. страхование от всех рисков kidnap insurance страх. страхование от похищения ребенка legal expenses insurance страхование судебных издержек liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности life insurance страхование жизни life insurance company компания по страхованию жизни life insurance policy полис страхования жизни policy: life insurance insurance полис страхования жизни life insurance sum сумма страхования жизни livestock insurance страхование домашнего скота livestock insurance страхование животных long-term insurance долгосрочное страхование loss insurance страхователь от убытков low tension insurance страхование от низкого напряжения в сети luggage insurance страхование багажа machinery breakdown insurance страхование на случай поломки оборудования machinery insurance страхование оборудования mandatory insurance обязательное страхование marine hull insurance страхование корпуса судна marine insurance морское страхование maternity insurance страхование женщин на случай родов maternity insurance страхование по материнству medical expenses insurance страхование медицинских расходов medical insurance медицинское страхование mortgage guarantee insurance гарантийное страхование ипотечной задолженности mortgage insurance страхование ипотечной задолженности motor cycle insurance страхование мотоциклов motor insurance автомобильное страхование motor insurance страхование автомобилей motor third party liability insurance страхование автотранспортных средств от ответственности в отношении третих лиц motor vehicle insurance страхование автомобиля motorcar insurance страхование автомобильного транспорта motorcar insurance страхование легковых автомобилей multiple insurance многократное страхование musical instruments insurance страхование музыкальных инструментов mutual insurance взаимное страхование national health insurance государственное страхование от болезней national insurance государственное страхование National Insurance Act Закон о государственном страховании (Великобритания) national old age invalidity and unemployment pension insurance национальное страхование по старости инвалидности и безработице national pension insurance национальное пенсионное страхование national sickness insurance benefit payments выплаты национального страхового пособия по безработице new insurance дополнительное страхование no-fault insurance страхование безаварийной работы nonlife insurance страхование ущерба nuclear risks insurance страхование от риска радиоактивного облучения obligatory insurance облигаторное страхование occupational compensation insurance страхование выплат работникам offshore insurance офшорное страхование offshore insurance страхование, не подпадающее под национальное регулирование old age insurance страхование по старости optional insurance добровольное страхование ordinary life insurance обычное страхование жизни ordinary life insurance страхование на случай смерти с пожизненной уплатой взносов paid-up insurance оплаченный страховой полис partial insurance неполное страхование partial insurance страхование в неполную стоимость passenger insurance страхование пассажиров pension insurance пенсионное страхование pension insurance страхование пенсии perpetual insurance бессрочное страхование perpetual insurance пожизненное страхование personal accident insurance индивидуальное страхование от несчастного случая personal accident insurance личное страхование от несчастного случая personal insurance индивидуальное страхование personal insurance личное страхование personal liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности personal property insurance страхование личной собственности pharmaceutical insurance страхование фармацевтических расходов plate glass insurance страхование витринного стекла pluvious insurance страхование от ненастной погоды во время отпуска pool insurance коллективное страхование portfolio insurance страхование портфеля активов post office insurance страхование по почте premium insurance страхование с уплатой взносов previous insurance предыдущее страхование price differences insurance страхование различия в ценах private insurance индивидуальное страхование private insurance личное страхование product liability insurance страхование ответственности за качество выпускаемой продукции professional disability insurance страхование от нетрудоспособности по данной профессии professional indemnity insurance страхование от убытков в ходе профессиональной деятельности professional liability insurance страхование профессиональной ответственности property fire insurance страхование имущества от пожара property insurance страхование имущества propose an insurance заявлять о намерении застраховаться provident insurance социальное страхование public liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности pure endowment insurance страхование с выплатой страховой суммы лицам, указанным в полисе, или самому застрахованному при достижении определенного срока railway passengers' insurance страхование пассажиров железнодорожного транспорта replacement value insurance страхование имущества, при котором возмещение выплачивается в размере восстановительной стоимости retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии за выслугу лет retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии по возрасту retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии по старости retroactive insurance страхование, имеющее обратную силу risk insurance страхование от риска risk insurance страхование риска robbery insurance страхование от грабежа salvage value insurance страхование стоимости спасенного имущества satellite insurance дополнительное страхование sea insurance морское страхование short-term insurance краткосрочное страхование sickness benefit insurance страхование на случай болезни sickness insurance страхование по болезни sickness insurance card карта страхования по болезни; полис страхования по болезни sickness insurance contribution взносы страхованя по болезни single-premium insurance страхование с единовременным страховым взносом ski-breakage insurance страхование от поломки лыж social insurance социальное страхование social insurance card карта социального страхования The Social Insurance Institution Институт социального страхования spacecraft insurance страхование космического аппарата statutory insurance установленное законом страхование storm damage insurance страхование от убытков вследствие бури straight life insurance страхование с пожизненной уплатой взносов supplementary health insurance дополнительное страхование от болезней supplementary insurance дополнительное страхование suretyship insurance страхование от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании survivorship life insurance страхование жизни пережившего супруга television insurance страхование телевизора temporary insurance временное страхование term insurance страхование на срок term life insurance срочное страхование жизни theft insurance страхование от кражи title insurance страхование от дефектов правового титула tourist health insurance страхование туристов от болезней trade credit insurance страхование коммерческих кредитов transport insurance страхование перевозок travel insurance страхование туристов traveller's accident insurance страхование туристов от несчастных случаев traveller's health insurance страхование туристов от болезней underwrite insurance принимать на страхование unemployment insurance страхование от безработицы unemployment insurance страхование по безработице vehicle insurance страхование транспорта voluntary insurance добровольное страхование wager insurance азартный полис war risk insurance страхование от военных рисков water damage insurance страхование от ущерба, причиненного водой weather insurance страхование от атмосферного воздействия whole-life insurance пожизненное страхование на случай смерти widow's insurance страхование на случай вдовства workmen's compensation insurance страхование от понижения заработной платы works traffic insurance страхование производственного транспорта write insurance принимать на страхование

1) (anything growing from the ground, having a stem, a root and leaves: floweringopical plants.) planta

2) (industrial machinery: engineering plant.) equipo, maquinaria

3) (a factory.) planta, fábrica

1) (to put (something) into the ground so that it will grow: We have planted vegetables in the garden.) plantar

2) (to make (a garden etc); to cause (a garden etc) to have (plants etc) growing in it: The garden was planted with shrubs; We're going to plant an orchard.) plantar

3) (to place heavily or firmly: He planted himself between her and the door.) plantarse

4) (to put in someone's possession, especially as false evidence: He claimed that the police had planted the weapon on his brother.) meter algo a alguien para comprometerlo

•

- plantation

plant¹ n planta

plant² vb plantar

tr[plɑːnt]

noun

1 SMALLBOTANY/SMALL planta

transitive verb

1 (flowers, trees) plantar; (seeds, vegetables) sembrar; (bed, garden, etc) plantar ( with, de)

2 (bomb) colocar; (blow) plantar; (kiss) dar, plantar

3 (ideas, doubt) inculcar, meter

\

to plant one's feet plantar los pies

to plant oneself plantarse

to plant something on somebody colocarle algo a alguien a escondidas para comprometerlo

plant life flora

plant pot maceta, tiesto

tr[plɑːnt]

noun

1 (factory) planta, fábrica; (machinery) equipo, maquinaria

plant ['plænt] vt

1) : plantar (flores, árboles), sembrar (semillas)

2) place: plantar, colocar

to plant an idea: inculcar una idea

plant n

1) : planta f

leafy plants: plantas frondosas

2) factory: planta f, fábrica f

hydroelectric plant: planta hidroeléctrica

3) machinery: maquinaria f, equipo m

• fábrica s.f.

• instalación s.f.

• maquinaria s.f.

• planta s.f.

• plantel s.m.

• usina s.f.

• plantar v.

• poblar v.

• sembrar v.

• sentar v.

1) c ( Bot) planta f; (before n)

2)

a) c (factory, installation) planta f

b) u ( equipment) maquinaria f

1)

a) \<\<flowerees\>\> plantar; \<\<seeds\>\> sembrar*

b) \<\<garden/hillside\>\>

2) ( place) \<\<bomb\>\> colocar*, poner*

3) ( Law)

a) \<\<drugs/evidence\>\> colocar*

b) \<\<agent/informer\>\> infiltrar, colocar*

•

- plant out

1. N

1) (Bot) planta f

2) (no pl) (=machinery) maquinaria f ; (fixed) instalaciones fpl

3) (=factory) fábrica f, planta f ; (=power station) planta f, central f

4) * (=misleading evidence)

5) * (=infiltrator) infiltrado(-a) m / f, espía mf

2. VT

1) (Bot) [+ tree, flower, crop] plantar; [+ seed, garden, field] sembrar

2) (=put)

3) (furtively) [+ bomb, evidence] colocar, poner; [+ informer, spy] poner, infiltrar

VI plantar

- plant out

* * *

1) c ( Bot) planta f; (before n)

2)

a) c (factory, installation) planta f

b) u ( equipment) maquinaria f

1)

a) \<\<flower/trees\>\> plantar; \<\<seeds\>\> sembrar*

b) \<\<garden/hillside\>\>

2) ( place) \<\<bomb\>\> colocar*, poner*

3) ( Law)

a) \<\<drugs/evidence\>\> colocar*

b) \<\<agent/informer\>\> infiltrar, colocar*

•

- plant out

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

[br]

[br]

Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.

In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.

The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.

Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".

The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

[br]

[br]

After Koenig and Bauer had introduced the machine printing-press and returned to Germany, it fell to Applegath and his mechanic brother-in-law Edward Cooper to effect improvements. In particular, Applegath succeeded Koenig and Bauer as machine specialist to The Times newspaper, then in the vanguard of printing technology.

Applegath and Cooper first came into prominence when the Bank of England began to seek ways of reducing the number of forged banknotes. In 1816 Cooper patented a device for printing banknotes from curved stereotypes fixed to a cylinder. These were inked and printed by the rotary method. Although Applegath and Cooper were granted money to develop their invention, the Bank did not pursue it. The idea of rotary printing was interesting, but it was not followed up, possibly due to lack of demand.

Applegath and Cooper were then engaged by John Walter of The Times to remedy defects in Koenig and Bauer's presses; in 1818 Cooper patented an improved method of inking the forme and Applegath also took out patents for improvements. In 1821 Applegath had enough experience of these presses to set up as a manufacturer of printing machinery in premises in Duke Street, Blackfriars, in London. Increases in the size and circulation of The Times led Walter to ask Applegath to build a faster press. In 1827 he produced a machine with the capacity of four presses, his steam-driven four-feeder press.

Its flat form carrying the type passed under four impression cylinders in a row. It could make 4,200 impressions an hour and sufficed to print The Times for twenty years, until it was superseded by the rotary press devised by Hoe. By 1826, however, Applegath was in financial difficulties; he sold his Duke Street workshop to William Clowes, a book printer. In the following year he gave up being a full-time manufacturer of printing machinery and turned to silk printing. In 1830 he patented a machine for printing rolls of calico and silk from bent intaglio plates.

In 1848 Applegath was persuaded by The Times to return to newspaper printing. He tackled rotary printing without the benefit of curved printing plates and roll paper feed, and he devised a large "type revolving" machine which set the pattern for newspaper printing-presses for some twenty years.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.

His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.

In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.

Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

John Lombe's father, Henry Lombe, was a worsted weaver who married twice. John was the second son of the second marriage and was still a baby when his father died in 1695. John, a native of the Eastern Counties, was apprenticed to a trade and employed by Thomas Cotchett in the erection of Cotchett's silk mill at Derby, which soon failed however. Lombe went to Italy, or was sent there by his elder half-brother, Thomas, to discover the secrets of their throwing machinery while employed in a silk mill in Piedmont. He returned to England in 1716 or 1717, bringing with him two expert Italian workmen.

Thomas Lombe was a prosperous London merchant who financed the construction of a new water-powered silk mill at Derby which is said to have cost over £30,000. John arranged with the town Corporation for the lease of the island in the River Derwent, where Cotchett had erected his mill. During the four years of its construction, John first set up the throwing machines in other parts of the town. The machines were driven manually there, and their product helped to defray the costs of the mill. The silk-throwing machine was very complex. The water wheel powered a horizontal shaft that was under the floor and on which were placed gearwheels to drive vertical shafts upwards through the different floors. The throwing machines were circular, with the vertical shafts running through the middle. The doubled silk threads had previously been wound on bobbins which were placed on spindles with wire flyers at intervals around the outer circumference of the machine. The bobbins were free to rotate on the spindles while the spindles and flyers were driven by the periphery of a horizontal wheel fixed to the vertical shaft. Another horizontal wheel set a little above the first turned the starwheels, to which were attached reels for winding the silk off the bobbins below. Three or four sets of these spindles and reels were placed above each other on the same driving shaft. The machine was very complicated for the time and must have been expensive to build and maintain.

John lived just long enough to see the mill in operation, for he died in 1722 after a painful illness said to have been the result of poison administered by an Italian woman in revenge for his having stolen the invention and for the injury he was causing the Italian trade. The funeral was said to have been the most superb ever known in Derby.

[br]

- systems and procedures

- system with backlog

- system with finite waiting room

- system with limited holding time

- system without information

- system with refusal

- system with restrictions

- system of debiting agents with actual premiums collected

- system of economic exchange

- system of fixed base index

- system of instantaneous payments

- system of integrated national accounts

- system of machinery

- system of planning and incentives

- accounting system

- actual cost system

- adaptive system

- address matching system

- advanced system

- advertised bid system

- appointment system

- arable dairy system

- arable-livestock system

- asymptotically stable system

- automated control system

- automatic data processing system

- automatic dragline system

- automatic transfer system

- average premium system

- balking system

- banking system

- basing-point system

- batch system

- battery system

- block system

- "blue-eyed" boysystem

- bonus system

- budgetary control system

- bulk power system

- bulk-service system

- capacitated system

- capitalist system

- cashiering system

- census information retrieval system

- centralized control system

- centrally planned system

- central record system

- chain store system

- civil transportation system

- class cost system

- classification system

- clearing system

- closed marriage system

- closed queueing system

- command-and-control systems

- commercial drylot beef feeding system

- common control system

- competitive systems

- competitive negotiated bidding system

- computer-based trading system for the Eurobonds market

- computer-controlled closed-loop system

- computerized system of payments

- computerized information system

- constant causes system

- constrained system

- continuous cost system

- continuous registration system

- continuous review system

- contract system

- convertible-dollar system

- cost system

- cost control system

- cost-plus system

- crawling peg system

- credit system

- credit authorizing system

- credit transfer system

- credit validation system

- cropping system

- crop rotation system

- cultivation system

- currency system

- custom transit systems

- cyclical early warning system

- cyclical response system

- data system

- data collection system

- data exchange system

- data handling system

- data logging system

- data processing system

- data reduction system

- data retrieval system

- data transmission system

- decentralized reserve system

- decimal system of coding

- delay system

- delivered price systems

- departmental system of management

- departmental costing system

- deterministic system

- diversified farm production system

- domestic system

- double account system

- drainage system

- dry system

- dual banking system

- dual posting system

- dual standard cost system

- dynamic system

- dynamic priority system

- early warning system

- ecologic equilibrium system

- econometric system

- educational system

- electric system

- electronic book-entry system

- electronic funds transfer system

- Emerson bonus system

- energy system

- engineering system

- equilibrium system

- estimating-cost system

- extensive farming system

- factory system

- factory-warehouse system

- farm costing system

- farming system

- farm loan system

- Federal Reserve interdistrict collection system

- feedback system

- feeding system

- feed-units system

- feudal system

- financial system

- fiscal system

- fixed-interval system

- fixed-order-quantity system

- follow-the-leader pricing system

- forecasting system

- fractional reserve system

- free enterprise system

- free-range system

- functional information system

- Gantt system

- general window system

- giro system

- Halsey system

- hatch system

- historical cost system

- household system

- housing system

- incentive payment system

- infinite queueing system

- information system

- information decision system

- information retrieval system

- input-output system

- inspection system

- integrated accounting system

- integrated farm production system

- integrated record system

- intensive farming system

- international monetary system

- inventory control system

- job cost system

- kinship system

- land capability classification system

- land classification system

- land-tenure system

- land-use system

- large scale business system

- latifundium system

- Leontief system

- limited availability system

- linear system

- linear programming system

- locally stable system

- local public system

- local transit system

- loose housing system

- loss system

- loss-delay system

- lossless system

- low-cost low-output farming system

- management system

- management information system

- managerial system

- man-machine system

- manorial system

- manufacturing system

- many-server system

- market system

- Markov system

- marriage registration system

- material flow system

- mechanized production system

- meritocratic system

- metric system

- minimax system

- mixed enterprise system

- mnemonic code system

- modified reorder point system

- monetary system

- monitor system

- monopolistic system

- multibank system

- multichannel system

- multicommodity system

- multidepot system

- multiechelon supply system

- multiitem inventory system

- multiitem supply system

- multilateral system of settlements

- multilevel system

- multilocation supply system

- multiple system

- multiple basing-point system

- multiple currency reserve system

- multiple queue system

- multiple reorder point system

- multiple-trigger system

- multiproduct inventory system

- multiserver system

- multistage supply system

- multistation system

- multivariable system

- national banking system

- national payment system

- nationwide branch banking system

- negotiated bidding system

- non-Markovian system

- nonnormalized system

- nonpreemptive priority system

- normal cost system

- numerical transit system

- office system

- on-demand system

- one-crop system

- one-litter system

- open marriage system

- open price system

- operational system

- operations cost system

- optimum system

- ordering system

- ordering cycle system

- outdoor wintering system

- parcel pickup system

- partial standard cost system

- partido system

- par value system

- pay-as-you-earn system

- payment system

- pen system

- performance measurement system

- periodic reordering system

- permit-issuing system

- perpetual inventory system

- piece-rate system

- planning-programming-budgeting system

- plantation system

- point system

- postal saving system

- post giro system

- power system

- predetermined motion time system

- preemptive priority system

- premium system

- preplanning system

- price system

- priority system

- probabilistic system

- process cost system

- production system

- production distribution system

- program change control system

- publicly owned power system

- public power system

- public water system

- pure key-currency system

- quality system

- quality auditing system

- quality intelligence system

- quality rating system

- queueing system

- quota system

- railway system

- ramified kinship system

- rate card system

- rationing system

- receiving inspection system

- record keeping system

- regional electronic payment system

- relay system

- reneging system

- reorder point system

- reorder time system

- retail trade system

- rotation system

- saving system

- scheduling system

- scoring system

- semi-intensive system

- serving system

- sharecrop system

- shift system

- simulation system

- single basing-point system

- single channel system

- single posting system

- single-server system

- single standard cost system

- slow check collection system

- snake-in-the-tunnel system

- socialist system

- soil rating system

- sole source negotiated bidding system

- specialized farm production system

- specific-order cost system

- speedup system

- spoils system

- sponsor group system

- standard cost system

- static-priority system

- straight-line system of depreciation

- suggestion system

- supply system

- surplus appropriation system

- sweating system

- task system

- teletype system

- time-sharing system

- total information system

- transmission system

- two-bin system

- two-channel system

- two-class system

- two-tier system of price of gold

- uncapacitated system

- underloaded queueing system

- underwriting system

- uniform accounting system

- unit teller system

- value system

- vital statistics system

- voucher system

- wage-labor system

- waiting system

- waste-handling system

- water system

- weighting system

- within-plant trackage system

[ɪnˈvestmənt]

attractive investment привлекательные капиталовложения bad investment неудовлетворительное инвестирование blue chip investment инвестиции в виде первоклассных ценных бумаг blue chip investment первоклассные инвестиции budgeted investment бюджетное инвестирование budgeted investment инвестирование из бюджета business investment капиталовложения предприятий capital investment вложения в капитальные активы capital investment вложения в неликвидные ценные бумаги capital investment инвестиции capital investment капиталовложение capital investment капиталовложения capital investment organization инвестиционная организация capital investment project инвестиционный проект capital-intensive investment капиталоемкие инвестиции credit financed bond investment облигационное инвестирование путем кредитного финансирования direct investment прямое инвестирование direct investment прямые капиталовложения domestic business investment инвестирование внутреннего бизнеса environmental investment капиталовложения на охрану окружающей среды equity investment вложения в акции expansive investment расширяющееся инвестирование extensive investment экстенсивные капиталовложения financial investment инвестиции в ценные буммаги fixed investment вложения в основной капитал fixed investment фиксированные капиталовложения foreign investment зарубежные капиталовложения foreign portfolio investment портфель ценных бумаг у иностранных владельцев high-risk investment рискованные вложения в ценные бумаги immovable property investment инвестиции в недвижимое имущество income from investment доход от инвестиций income from investment доход от капиталовложений indirect investment косвеннное инвестирование intensive investment интенсивное инвестирование intensive investment усиленное инвестирование intercompany investment межфирменные капиталовложения investment (капитало)вложение, помещение денег, инвестирование investment вложения в ценные бумаги investment инвестирование investment инвестиции investment инвестиция, вклад investment капиталовложения investment капитальные вложения investment облечение полномочиями, властью investment помещение капитала investment предприятие или бумаги, в которые вложены деньги investment for environmental reasons капиталовложения для защиты окружающей средой investment in breadth горизонтальное инвестирование investment in default инвестирование невыполненных обязательств investment in depth вертикальное инвестирование investment in equipment капиталовложения в оборудование investment in machinery капиталовложения в станки и механизмы investment in movable property капиталовложения в движимое имущество investment in plant капиталовложения в промышленную установку investment in real property инвестиции в недвижимость investment in securities инвестиции в ценные бумаги investment in share ownership вклад в долевую собственность investment of capital капиталовложения investment of capital помещение капитала liquid investment ликвидные инвестиции listed investment инвестиции, котирующиеся на фондовой бирже long-term investment долгосрочные инвестиции media investment ассигнования на средства рекламы net cash investment чистые инвестиции наличными net investment чистые инвестиции nondirect investment косвенное инвестирование nondirect investment непрямое инвестирование outgoing investment исходящие инвестиции outward investment внешние инвестиции paper investment инвестирование путем покупки ценных бумаг portfolio investment инвестиции в ценные бумаги portfolio investment портфельные инвестиции portfolio investment портфельные капиталовложения private fixed investment частные капиталовложения с фиксированным доходом private investment капиталовложения частного сектора productive investment инвестирование производства property investment капиталовложения в недвижимость public sector investment вложения в государственный сектор rationalization investment инвестиции на совершенствование производства real investment капиталовложения в реальный основной капитал replacement investment инвестиции для замещения выбывающего основного капитала replacement investment капиталовложения на модернизацию safe investment безопасное вложение капитала safe investment безопасное инвестирование speculative investment покупка ненадежных ценных бумаг speculative investment покупка рискованных ценных бумаг syndicated investment синдицированные инвестиции trade investment инвестиция, связанная с основной деятельностью компании trade investment торговые инвестиции trustee investment инвестиции по доверенности trustee investment инвестиции трастовой компании unprofitable investment неприбыльное инвестирование unquoted investment приобретение ценных бумаг, не котирующихся на основной бирже

in the United Kingdom and Ireland, an allowance against income or corporation tax available to businesses or sole traders who have purchased plant and machinery for business use. The rates are set annually and vary according to the type of fixed asset purchased, for example, whether it is machinery or buildings. This system effectively removes subjectivity from the calculation of depreciation for tax purposes.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

Carding by hand required a pair of hand cards. The lump of tangled fibres was teased out by pulling one card across the other to even out the fibres and transfer them onto one of the cards from which they could be rolled up into a rollag or slubbing. When Arkwright began to use cylinder cards, the fibres were teased out as they passed from one cylinder to the next. In order to obtain a greater carding area, he soon introduced smaller cylinders and placed strips of flat card above the periphery of the main cylinder. These became clogged with short fibres and dirt, so they had to be lifted off and cleaned or "stripped" at intervals. The first to invent a self-stripping card was Archibald Buchanan, at the Catrine mills in Ayrshire, with his patent in 1823. In his arrangement each flat was turned upside down and stripped by a rotary brush. This was improved by Smith in 1834 and patented in the same year. Smith fixed the flats on an endless chain so that they travelled around the periphery of the top of the main cylinder. Just after the point where they left the cylinder, Smith placed a rotary brush and a comb to clear the brush. In this way each flat in turn was properly and regularly cleaned.

Smith was an able mechanic and Managing Partner of the Deanston mills in Scotland. He visited Manchester, where he was warmly received on the introduction of his machine there at about the same time as he patented it in Scotland. The carding engine he designed was complex, for he arranged a double feed to obtain greater production. While this part of his patent was not developed, his chain or endless flats became the basis used in later cotton carding engines. He took out at least half a dozen other patents for textile machinery. These included two in 1834, the first for a self-acting mule and the second with J.C. Dyer for improvements to winding on to spools. There were further spinning patents in 1839 and 1844 and more for preparatory machinery including carding in 1841 and 1842. He was also interested in agriculture and invented a subsoil plough and other useful things.

[br]